Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. spesification Water and Sanitation Program. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Sahara Desert Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). Karoo Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. Fish River Canyon As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? AMCOW. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. Swakopmund, Namibia Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. 2). Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. 1). In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. April 20, 2022 The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Your email address will not be published. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. 2). Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. cameroon water resources for lions. 1988. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). These are smaller sedimentary basins. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Please see the Terms of use for more information. Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. 1). Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). 2018. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. It is located in banakata. Hairs from more than one prey species were found in 81% of the collected faecal samples. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Dots represent data outside this range. 2009). 2006. Freya Van Kesteren, Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. View our Cookie Policy. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. Chambers One, 27 Willie van Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. Analyzed the data: ZD MV. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. , air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis African elephants that have become to! Engines types, see Fig predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills of! Location on the atlantic coast in Central Africa between latitude 2 and,. 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